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PBA303H: Double-Effect Reasoning
Prerequisite: PBA203Y
- Simple example: a mother cleaning her child's wound with alcohol that causes her child to scream out in pain1)
- The child's pain is a direct result of her willful and direct actions
- Yet we can see that her child's pain is not part of her moral object, that reason grasps the difference between the effects and the choice that's actually being made – to heal her child
- This is double-effect reasoning, how we can understand the difference between the moral object and the effects when good and evil and intertwined
- Classic example (even though it's incredibly rare): cancer in the uterus during pregnancy
- First, you do everything you can to save both lives
- But say you get to the extreme (and exceedingly rare) point where: if you do nothing, both will die; and no matter what you do, the child will die (pre-viable, etc.)
- If you take an action, one effect will be good and the other evil
- You start by proposing for yourself the moral object that you are going to choose, the most accurate descriptive of the choice: I'm going to remove the uterus to treat the life-threatening cancer that saves the only possible life that can be saved.
- Now, double-effect reasoning helps you to test the moral object to make sure you're not playing word games with yourself to make it look like you're not doing evil
- Action itself must be good or indifferent (can't do evil)
- this is not the moral object, otherwise you wouldn't need the other conditions
- this means: you give the best most accurate attempt to propose what your choice will be, and then ask if that is good or indifferent
- Only the good effect is intended, the evil effect is foreseen but unintended (can't intend evil):
- Am I only intending the good effect?
- If I could save the child, I would. You've done everything possible (e.g. chemotherapy)
- The evil effect is not the means by which the good effect comes about (can't depend on evil):
- Is the death of a pre-viable child the thing that cures cancer? No. Even if the child weren't in the uterus, you would still remove the uterus.
- The death of the child is not what brings about the good effect.
- There is a proportionate reason for allowing the evil effect:
- We are not talking about proportion between the evil and the good, e.g. whose life is more valuable
- Is the choice you are making is duly and justly proportionate to the aim you claim to achieving?
- e.g. self-defence, if you're being attacked by a child whose just slapping at you and you pummel the child, that's not proportionate to the aim you're claiming to be achieving
- If the aim is to save the only life you can through cancer, is removing the child who we cannot save proportionate? Yeah
- Wrong: “you're pregnant and you have cancer, but no worries, we can remove the uterus”
- Not proportionate, but using double-effect as a get out of jail free card – you haven't done everything you can to explore your options to save both lives
- That doctor could not say the moral object of that case is simply to cure cancer
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From SAT3952H with Fr. Kevin Belgrave